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Dressing little ones in cold weather presents some unique challenges for parents. How do you keep your child warm and dry, without over-bundling or restricting movement?

The solution is to dress your child like an onion — in other words, in layers. Yes, you've heard it before, but do you know the scientific thinking behind it? When you dress your child in layers, you allow buffer zones of warm air to get trapped between garments, providing superior insulation. A recent study by Colorado State University confirmed it: layering several light garments was proven to offer better protection than a single layer of heavy outerwear.

What is the best way to layer? We consulted several cold-weather experts, including the National Ski Patrol. Based on their recommendations, we offer you the following triple-layer strategy:

1. Start with a moisture-wicking under layer
2. Add an insulating middle layer
3. Top with a protective outer layer

Whether your destination is the Rocky Mountains or the neighborhood sled hill, you can use this strategy to keep your child (and yourself) warm, dry and comfortable all winter. Here's how:

1. Start with a Moisture-Wicking Under Layer
Begin by dressing your child in long johns. But not just any long johns — choose a quick-drying, moisture-wicking fabric, such as a polyester/rayon blend. Surprisingly, you should avoid cotton (one of our favorite indoor fabrics) because it absorbs perspiration and sticks to the skin. When it comes to cold weather, half the battle is what the experts call "moisture management."

Why is it so important to stay dry? Because water conducts heat roughly 15 times faster than air. That means moisture rushes heat away from the body, lowering the body's core temperature. Ultimately, it can lead to hypothermia, a potentially life-threatening condition.

For children, a two-piece top-and-bottom set makes a better choice than a one-piece union suit, because it's easier to get on and off (especially for quick bathroom breaks).

2. Cover with an Insulating Middle Layer
Since the point of layering is to create insulating zones of warm air, it is important to choose the right mid-layer garments. And the experts agree: for efficient insulation, nothing beats polyester fleece.

One advantage of fleece is that it offers "loft" — tiny pockets of space that trap and retain warm air. In addition, fleece is breathable, comfortable and "non-itchy." It is also machine washable, stretchy, and available in a range of weights to suit various climates and activity levels.

We recommend two-piece fleece separates for kids. Make sure they are loose fitting (so they won't restrict movement) and light enough for layering. Avoid denim jeans, which can become quickly bogged down with water and snow.

3. Top with a Protective Outer Layer
The purpose of this outer layer (or shell) is to keep warm air in...and wind and water out.

Whether you choose a two-piece parka/snow-pants combination or a one-piece snowsuit, we recommend that you look for high-performance fabrics such as those designed for skiers. These fabrics are tightly woven to keep the inner layers of warm air from blowing away from the body. Then they're coated or laminated on the outside to create a barrier against moisture. At the same time, they're breathable, allowing moisture from inside to escape.

In other words, when shopping for outerwear, you want to see these three terms: wind resistant, water-repellant, and breathable.

In addition, consider the following:

• Look for ribbing or elastic at the wrist and ankles. These help lock out snow and wind.
• Choose a high neckline that offers added protection.
• For safety's sake, avoid garments that feature ties and cords.
• Full-length zippers (including leg zippers on pants) are the easiest to get on and off. Most kids have a hard time with over-the-head jackets.
• Make sure your child's outerwear is roomy enough to accommodate under layers.
• If choosing a two-piece jacket and snow pants combo, look for a longer jacket that hits mid-thigh. When kids are engaged in physical activities like sledding, you want to make sure their keesters are covered!

Choosing Accessories
When it comes to protecting little heads, hands and feet, choosing the right accessories can make all the difference.

Hats
According to the experts, you can lose up to 50% or more of your body heat through the top of your head. That's why it's so important to have one or more great hats. We favor synthetic fabrics (like fleece), which are warm, lightweight and breathable. No matter which style hat you choose, make sure it completely covers both of your child's ears.

How do you get a child to keep his or her hat on? First, include your child in the decision-making process. If your child loves her headgear, she is more likely to wear it. Second, make sure it's made of a comfortable fabric that doesn't itch.

Neck Warmers
Scarves come and go in popularity, but they are never a safe choice for kids in action. Instead, elect stretchy neck gaiters that your child can lift or lower as needed. Choose a fabric that won't irritate tender skin.

Mittens and Gloves
According to the experts, mittens provide better warmth than gloves, because they allow more warm air to circulate around the fingers. When choosing mittens, look for elasticized wrists that keep out snow and wind and longer cuffs for added warmth. We like fleece mittens that offer a non-skid surface on the palms and thumbs — they allow kids to turn doorknobs and keep a safe grip on sleds and such.

Another mitten tip: keep extras handy...so when one pair gets wet, you can quickly offer a fresh, dry pair.

Socks and Shoes
How do you keep those tootsies toasty? Start with a good pair of winter sports socks. Experts recommend a blend of polyester (for wicking) and wool (for warmth). Remember, cotton tends to collect water and should be avoided for outdoor gear.

Choose waterproof boots with an insulating layer; rubber and leather are both good choices. Make sure boots are roomy enough for winter socks. We prefer Velcro® closures to laces: kids can manage them better independently, and they are easier to get on and off in a hurry.

Tip: Look for boots that feature removable liners — and buy an extra pair. That way, you'll always have a dry pair ready and waiting!

Other Cold Weather Safety Tips

• Just because it's winter, that doesn't mean your child can't get sunburned, particularly when sunlight is reflecting off snow. Don't forget the sun block and lip balm! Also, consider sunglasses or goggles with UV protection.
• On a blustery day, you may want to apply petroleum jelly to your child's cheeks, nose, forehead and chin to provide a layer of protection against windburn.
• Make it a point to keep your child well hydrated. Active kids can become dehydrated in any weather. Offer a glass of water with each bathroom break. (Yet another reason why it pays to choose outerwear that goes on and off easily!)
• Examine your child periodically to make sure he is not cold or wet. It's not enough to ask--he may be having too much fun to realize he's chilled. Check for whiting of the skin (a sign of frostbite), as well as shivering and loss of coordination (indications of hypothermia).

Follow our head-to-toe cold-weather strategy...and create some warm and wonderful winter memories!